Synthesis Of George Washington - 849 Words

George Washington Synthesis In 1789, when George Washington was elected president, he became an important figure who later impacts American history and future generations, because he symbolizes all the virtues this nation believes in and stands for. People visualize Washington as a hero for all his acts of bravery, leadership and dedication to the United States. He fought to build and expand the reputation of America. Washington’s mythology inspires America due to his morals, being highly respected and his passion for his beloved nation. Many artist believed George Washington had the look of power and control, so they would paint, sketch or sculpt images of him to create that â€Å"powerful† setting. For example, Emanuel Leutze in 1851,†¦show more content†¦But in an article by Smithsonian Institution Press, they said that the public was not happy with the â€Å"attracted controversy and criticism† the sculpture brought. Many believed that George Washin gton being half-naked in a toga, with a sword and point upwards to the heavens, was an insult. Only because it leans more on the Greek mythology than American mythology, making people feel like Greek virtues are the only goldy way. A portrait of George Washington was drawn by an artist named William Bingham and his wife, where they were trying to capture the morals he stood for. Another source talking about the portrait, Gilbert Stewart states, â€Å"this painting was a gift to former British Prime Minister (...) a lasting peace between Britain and America.† This painting was suppose to symbolize peace between the two countries for the world to see. In the image, Washington stands with a sword in his hand, a gold chair sitting behind him, books scattered all over a table and his welcoming hand held out in front of him. All these represent his values; sword symbolizing the military, books symbolizing his knowledge and education, and his out stretched hand symbolizing a warm we lcome. In the same article, another source by Jill Lepore states that Washington was a boy who â€Å"he copied out a set of sixteenth-century Italian ‘Rules of Civility’† (Lepore 8). He strived to become more educated boy so he could grow to be an intelligent man. By makingShow MoreRelatedWeek 7 Leadership Paper1424 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Synthesis Paper: Leadership RES -811 April 22, 2015 Leadership Paper This paper will create a dialogue concerning the following articles and synthesis them to generate a discussion of the common themes that run throughout them, as well as understanding the conclusion of all three articles when taken as one entity. Article 1: Fearless Dominance and the U.S. Presidency: Implications of PsychopathicPersonality Traits for Successful and Unsuccessful Political Leadership by S.O. 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Motivation by Internal Staff Events - 2278 Words

Motivation is the way to let a person to be moved to do something (Ryan Deci, 2000, p54). Nowadays, most companies all around the world start to reduce their budget for motivating their staff (Quarterly, 2009, p2). However, some other companies try to use other ways to motivate their staff in order to develop their talent and make profits (Quarterly, 2009, p2). It is interesting that why different companies and organizations try to use two totally opposite way to manage their financial problems. In one opinion, there could be two reasons. The first is that the cost of motivating staff is relatively high. The second reason may be that although a company has spend a lot of money on motivating, the effect from motivating do not worth the†¦show more content†¦Conference is usually about large meetings in the United Kingdom (Swarbrooke Horner, 2001, p4). 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Business Analysis of Tiffany & Co-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Business Analysis of Tiffany Co. New York. Answer: Background of the Company and the Industry Tiffany Co. is the trendsetter in fashion industry of USA, originated in New York. The company started its journey since 1837 through pioneers Charles Lewis Tiffany and John B Young with the start-up capital of US$ 1,000 from family source of Tiffany. After starting the journey, the company had crossed different stages of its trendsetting performances by setting landmarks of their performance. This company is involved in fashion industry. Trend of buying pattern of this industry is never considered as a priority buying and always goes with impulse buying. With the quality assurance and innovative designs, the company gradually acquired different level of success, which had put them as one of the top contender in jewelry industry in USA. Gradually the company was involved in gems industry with introduction of precious gems in their catalogue. The company was involved in purchasing and selling of traditional and historical gemstones from different countries of the world, exhibited the m in their different counters for the rich Americans(Anderson, 2016). The company thus justified its role by providing exclusive and exquisite items of fashion industry with emphasis on different costly products in the forms of crowns and gems. After the timely exit of the first generation, next generation was ready to take over the baton and had introduced himself as an esteemed designer well capable of designing the eminent buildings like White House. The company has proved its responsible attitude towards complying with the norms of social and environmental benchmark for procuring their raw materials from the nature(Madden, 2016). As per CEO and Chairman of the company, Michael J. Kowalski, the position of the company gave them the honor to be a leader in the luxury jewelry market. Being the leader the company has to show their responsible attitude as a stakeholder by setting the trend of the business in such way that it should comply with the basic trusts like protecting the env ironment, showing due respect to the domain of human rights and extending support for the society and the community in which the company belongs. The excellence of this company had put them in the place of Hall of Fame as the symbol of heritage due to their quality management with highest level of professional design expertise. They are spread over the entire world with more than 200 stores with the ability to provide the service of trusted producer of gifts, which are considered as lifetime treasure(Tiffany, 2017). Financial Analysis To discuss financial analysis, we will highlight on certain issues of the company, featured in the accounting management of the company. Standard accounting practice- Tiffany From the financial statements of the company for last years, it is being observed that the company is following conservative outlook towards maintenance of its financial practices by ensuring employment of GAAP with the restrictive fields to honor Corporate Law of US. The company normally follows Average Cost method for their inventory maintenance by discontinuing LIFO method, which was earlier followed by them. This inventory management system is not as per the normal practice of industry, which is FIFO method. The company is practicing straight-line depreciation of assets and reviewing of goodwill occurs annually to ensure proper treatment with impact of impairment as applicable by FAS 12. The company follows principle of POS revenue recognition, which does not allow recognizing revenue until physical purchase is being made and subsequently booked(Techtarget, 2016). The benefit of following GAAP as accounting practice provided the company advantage in treating different financial information like goodwill, depreciation, cost of inventory, pension accounting, etc. by inflating profit level(Stewart, 2013). Net sales/ net receivables To find out the A/R Turnover ratio, consideration of sales divided by A/R is necessary. This element is instrumental to differentiate sales on account and sales on cash. In desirable situation, the ratio should be high which depicts the higher level of cash sales and lower level of sales on account. In this case Tiffany is not performing as per desired benchmark as set by the industry. Lower A/R ratio represents lower inflow of cash and this restricts the positive surplus on working capital(Accountingtools, 2017). ROE Return on Equity or ROE of the company is with positive trend that is better than the competitors are and of the industry trend. This is good for investors and they are always keen to invest in Tiffany with portrayed high returns on investment(Kennon, 2016). Gross margin This is another instrument to understand the operating efficiency of the company. The company always produces comparative high level of gross margin that has projected the ability of the company to generate operating profit from each transaction of sales made by the company than that of competitors and industry trend. This is due to price mark-ups and the customers are willing to this practice of paying extra price worth of their return on value for money. This is possible for excellent and high power brand name of Tiffany(Kimboal, 2016). Analysis of financial statement of Tiffany Co Analysis of Tiffany CO. Financial Report for Last Five years Heading 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 Variance Earning Data 2016 2015 2014 2013 Net Sales 4002 4104 4250 4031 3794 -2.5 -3.4 5.4 6.2 gross profit 2490 2491 2537 2340 2163 0.0 -1.8 8.4 8.2 Selling, general and admin costs 1769 1731 1646 1557 1466 2.2 5.2 5.7 6.2 Net earnings 446.1 463.9 484.2 181.4 416.2 -3.8 -4.2 166.9 -56.4 net earnings per share 3.55 3.59 3.73 1.41 3.25 -1.1 -3.8 164.5 -56.6 Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Data total Assets 5098 5122 5172 4745 4629 -0.5 -1.0 9.0 2.5 cash and cash equivalent 928 844 730 346 505 10.0 15.6 111.0 -31.5 inventories 2158 2225 2362 2327 2234 -3.0 -5.8 1.5 4.2 Debts- short and long term 1107 1096 1108 996 957 1.0 -1.1 11.2 4.1 Stockholders' equity 3028 2930 2851 2734 2611 3.3 2.8 4.3 4.7 Working Capital 2941 2779 2851 2431 2485 5.8 -2.5 17.3 -2.2 Cash Flow from operating activities 702 814 615 154 328 -13.8 32.4 299.4 -53.0 Capital expenditure 223 253 247 221 220 -11.9 2.4 11.8 0.5 stockholders' equity per share 24.33 23.1 22.04 21.31 20.57 5.3 4.8 3.4 3.6 Cash Dividend paid per share 1.75 1.58 1.48 1.34 1.25 10.8 6.8 10.4 7.2 Ratio Analysis as a Percentage to Net sales Gross profit 62.2% 60.7% 59.7% 58.1% 57.0% 2.5 1.7 2.8 1.8 Selling, general and admin costs 44.2% 42.2% 38.7% 38.6% 38.6% 4.8 8.9 0.3 0.0 earning from operation 11.1% 11.3% 11.4% 4.5% 11.0% -1.4 -0.8 153.2 -59.0 Capital expenditure 5.6% 6.2% 5.8% 5.5% 5.8% -9.6 6.1 6.0 -5.5 Total debt to equity ratio 36.6% 37.4% 38.9% 36.4% 36.7% -2.3 -3.8 6.7 -0.6 All figures in Million USD except net earnings per share, stockholders' equity per share and cash dividend per share. All ratios are shown in percentage Table 1 Above table shows the analysis of financial statements of the company for last five years as extracted from the officially published financial statement for the stakeholders. Different areas of financial statements are considered for appraising the financial performance of the company. Main areas considered are earning data, Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Data, and Financial ratio analysis. Earning Data- Earning data segment consists of net sales, gross profit, net earnings, sales, general and administrative expenses, net earnings per share and net earnings, which are shown in the table with year-wise variance analysis. The figures depicted in the table had shown respective variance in comparison with last year-figures(Shareholder, 2016). Balance Sheet and cash flow data- This segment consists of total assets, cash and cash equivalent, inventories, debts-both short and long terms, stockholders equity, working capital, cash flow from operative activities, capital expenditure, stockholders equity per share and cash dividend paid per share, which are featured in the financial analysis table along with variance analysis comparing with last year. Ratio Analysis- This segment is featuring with basic financial ratio analysis derived as a percentage to net sales including gross profit, selling ,general and admin costs; earning from operation, and capital expenditure. Other ratio is total debt to total equity ratio. All these ratios are helpful for stakeholders to take effective decision about the company so far investment; lending and other aspects are concerned(Tiffany, 2016). Market Share-Competitors performance Table 2 The extract of CSI Market analysis report is appended above (Table 2) as found in their 2017 release. As per CSI Market analysis report of 2017, different companies, out of whom Tiffany procured third spot, dominate global jewelry industry. The biggest stakeholder of the market is Ross Stores Inc while Michael Chors Holdings Ltd. procures the second place. The companies of jewelry industry relate this analysis to revenue contribution. For the issue of derived net income for last year, Ross Stores is contributing 52% while Michael Chors Holdings is contributing 25%. Tiffany had proved its efficiency by showing 20% margin contribution. So far net margin contribution is concerned; Tiffany is topping the table with 10.33%(Csimarket, 2017). Below Table with Table No. 3 is showing the analysis with percentage contribution figure of the companies performance in respect of total organized jewelry industry represented by first three contenders of this industry(Csimarket, 2017). Competitors' Data of first three Jewelry industry stakeholders company revenue net income net margin total %age contribution total %age contribution Ross Stores Inc 13084.19 46% 1148.04 52% 9.71 Michael Chors Holdings Ltd 4493.7 16% 551.5 25% Tiffany Co 3962.1 14% 448 20% 10.33 Approx Market 28711.71 2217.2 3.78% Table 3 Strategic Issues- Tiffany The company is running their business with successful continuation, as featured through their financial achievements over the period. The company has certain adopted strategies, which make them a stalwart in this industry. The first strategy is their brand value. Brand value of any organization dictates the terms of its supremacy in the market. With existence of more than a century in the fashion industry and customized jewelry industry, the name of Tiffany Co. is well known to the stakeholders of the company including customers. This brand image is high priority for the company that they are well aware off and always prioritize this issue with effective branding which is elementary to create market resilience. The CEO of the Company, Michael Kowalski had expressed their views about the strategy of the company by stating that the company is not interested in changing dramatically in their strategies, which are prevalent in the industry of luxury brands. The company is managed with l ong- term strategies, which can ensure the best of the results for the company. The company is more prone to believe on the core values, which support to strengthen their brand image(Hellman, 2015). PESTLE Analysis The PESTLE analysis of Tiffany Co. can show the positive and negative outlook of the company which the company faces for running their business: Political- As the company is engaged in their business in the domestic market of US and other overseas market, the company has to be more aware of the changed political scenario of the countries where they operate. Entry in new market is always depending upon the political policies of the country for any company. Tiffany is no exception to that. While entering in new market of Asia, compliance of different political policies can make barrier to the company that needs prior scrutiny and proper market research by the company. One of the main areas of concern is foreign trade regulation of the country where the company is intending to enter and this should be critically analyzed to ensure feasibility of the future business in that country(Hellman, 2015) Economical- The economic analysis of this industry insists on the concept of globalised economy. This economy is alluring companies to expand their business in different companies abroad in order to ensure greater turnover and subsequent profitability. The possible new market for the company is Asia, which is picking up with high GDP and more purchasing power of the people of that continent. The changed scenario of global economy is putting more money in the wallet of the people, which they can spend to satisfy their impulsive needs. As jewelry is one of the major impulsive needs to satisfy the ego of possession for the people, the company can exploit the situation. At the same time, the company has to understand the buying ability of the target audience and restructure their product mix in order to ensure higher turnover with lesser value items(Sarah, 2014). Social- The social analysis of this business is mainly highlighting two basic features- pampering the dream of the customers and the human rights of the labor. The target audience of this industry is well off with their wealth and can think of spending money in luxury items. To them, money is not the main criterion; instead, the basic goal is to ensure satisfaction of their own image. Human rights are the other area need to be noticed with proper application of ethical use of labor, and supply chain management. These are the areas, which are well under the scanner and the good name of Tiffany can be adversely affected in case of such action, which can affect the ethical issues in negative way. Technological Technological analysis is mainly highlighting the application of latest technology in the industry. Tiffany, being one of the market rulers, has to ensure the adaptation of latest technologies in order to ensure best possible deliverance to the customers. The use of latest technology of the industry is also being able to reduce the cost of manufacturing and deliver best possible products to the customers(Researchandmarkets, 2014). Legal- The legal analysis demands the compliance of applicable legality of the business in the countries the company operates. Tiffany is mainly involved in US, Europe, and now expanding their operation in Asia. As a responsible business stakeholder, Tiffany has to ensure compliance of existing laws of the countries as well as to ensure the future compliance of the legal issues upcoming in different countries of operation. Environmental- Environmental analysis demands Tiffany to ensure operations, which are environmental friendly. Earlier environment was not a big factor for running business, but the latest trend of gradual awareness on this issue is causing concern as the business of the company is depending upon the raw products, which are acquired from mines. The maintenance of balance of the environment is getting to be a major issue and Tiffany is well aware of dos and donts of this industry and complies with strict adherence as per global environmental authorities. With the above critical discussion on PESTLE analysis, it is evident that the company is always attentive to different issues related to these factors and always takes proper actions as per requirement to meet the need of the criteria with ethical business practice. Porters five forces Analysis Competitive Rivalry-This force seems to be high as the competitors are famous in the world of jewelry industry and they can go to any extent to prove their supremacy in this industry. Bargaining power of suppliers-This force is high as the suppliers of raw materials are limited in numbers and they can bargain their prices of supplying raw material to that extent for which the producers are willing to pay. Bargaining power of buyers-This force is low as the buyers have to pay for their choices as per the price fixed by the manufacturers and have little or no option to bargain. Threat of new entrants-This force is medium as this industry is exclusive in nature and attracts of block of capital with high magnitude. Hence the new entrants thought twice before entering in this industry. Threat of substitute products-This force is recognized as medium to high as new replacement of existing products are there to clinch the market share of this industry with innovative design and substitute replacement of raw materials(Academon , 2016). Limitations of the financial model and conventional analysis Above discussions of Tiffany are mainly evolved in the domains of financial model and conventional analysis. While financial model is trying to highlight different financial information and thus wants to justify the financial situation of the organization, conventional analysis as per management tools is mainly involved in highlighting other factors which are contributing to the business prospect of the company. However, these model and analysis have their shortcomings too, which are to be understood for assessing the future scope of business of the organization(Citeseerx, 2010). Limitation of financial model Basic financial model followed for assessing the performance of any company is to study different statutory audited financial reports published by the company. The financial reports thus passed in the annual general meeting of the company are presented for stakeholders. The reports are dependent upon the management of company who are instrumental in preparing those reports and the honesty of the auditors who are authenticating the same. Different financial reports are projecting the historical financial positions of the company so far its performance and its financial condition is considered. In the present case of Tiffany Co, the financial model considered to assess the financial positions of the company is through its income statement and consolidated financial position. However, these financial statements are not projecting the future financial scope of the company. In addition, it does not provide information about the competitors activities with comparison to understand the pos ition of the company. This information can only be gathered by collecting and collating different information from other sources to conclude about the condition of the company. Limitation of conventional analysis Conventional analysis of different management tools to assess the performance and future projection of any company are mainly based on different facts and information, which are scrutinized through the model with application of management skills. Most of the analyses are based on hypothetical approach with logic and thus the critique tries to reach the inference in order to justify that. The authentication of those gathered information always raises question and the subsequent inference always creates debate among the critiques. PESTLE model is highlighting on the performance of the company with projected future scope through different factors, which are mainly instrumental in judging the scope of operation of the company with the prospect to excel in future. These analysis cannot be taken as final and granted and the management gurus always depending upon different models of conventional analysis in order to arrive at the common platform which can be able to give justified conclusio n(Kimboal, 2017). Conclusion The discussion on Tiffany about their performance and history has projected good amount feedback depending upon the financial analysis and the conventional management analysis. The company has a good record of accomplishment of business in luxury industry and with the efficient management; the company tries to hold the key of the industry. It is evident from the article that the company has rich tradition of historic presence and successful running of business. The area of activities of the company needs to be focused on the market and the company is doing that with efficiency. The company has enough scope of improvement to sustain in the market for which some recommendations are featured in the last part of this report. Recommendations Following recommendations for Tiffany Co. are made to complete this report: Thought of diversification Production of low range products Strengthen brand image and exclusiveness Stress on innovation to enjoy the competitive edge of the market Insistence on traditional product range with logical pricing References: Academon , 2016. Porter's five forces analysis for Tiffany and Co. [Online] Available at: https://www.academon.com/case-study/porter-five-forces-analysis-for-tiffany-co-153157/ [Accessed 08 August 2017]. Accountingtools, 2017. Net receivables. [Online] Available at: https://www.accountingtools.com/articles/2017/5/12/net-receivables [Accessed 07 August 2017]. Anderson, ., 2016. The history of Tiffany. [Online] Available at: https://www.thejewelleryeditor.com/jewellery/article/the-history-of-tiffany-tiffanys/ [Accessed 08 August 2017]. Citeseerx, 2010. Cost benefit analysis. [Online] Available at: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.470.7469rep=rep1type=pdf [Accessed 07 August 2017]. Csimarket, 2017. TIF Sales vs. its Competitors Q1 2017. [Online] Available at: https://csimarket.com/stocks/compet_glance.php?code=TIF [Accessed 07 August 2017]. Csimarket, 2017. Tiffany Co (TIF). [Online] Available at: https://csimarket.com/stocks/competition2.php?code=TIF [Accessed 07 August 2017]. Hellman, J., 2015. Tiffany: A Short SWOT Analysis. [Online] Available at: https://www.valueline.com/Stocks/Highlights/Tiffany__A_Short_SWOT_Analysis.aspx#.WYe8pGdS3IU [Accessed 07 August 2017]. Hellman, J., 2015. Tiffany: A Short SWOT Analysis. [Online] Available at: https://www.valueline.com/Stocks/Highlights/Tiffany__A_Short_SWOT_Analysis.aspx#.WYn1vWdS3IU [Accessed 08 August 2017]. Kennon, J., 2016. Return on Equity (ROE) and Income Statement Analysis. [Online] Available at: https://www.thebalance.com/return-on-equity-roe-357601 [Accessed 07 August 2017]. Kimboal, 2016. Tiffany Competitive analysis. [Online] Available at: https://kimboal.ba.ttu.edu/MGT%204380%20SP%2009/094/TIffany%20and%20Co.%20Competitive%20Analysis%2 [Accessed 07 August 2017]. Kimboal, 2017. Competitive analysis. [Online] Available at: https://kimboal.ba.ttu.edu/MGT%204380%20SP%2009/094/TIffany%20and%20Co.%20Competitive%20Analysis%2 [Accessed 07 August 2017]. Madden, A., 2016. 18 Fascinating Things You Never Knew About Tiffany Co. [Online] Available at: https://www.popsugar.com/fashion/Facts-About-Tiffany-Co-39668512 [Accessed 08 August 2017]. Researchandmarkets, 2014. Analysis of Tiffany Co. [Online] Available at: https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/577872/analysis_of_tiffany_and_co.pdf [Accessed 07 August 2017]. Sarah, A., 2014. Tiffany Co. [Online] Available at: https://prezi.com/tbsukhauubkc/tiffany-co/ [Accessed 07 August 2017]. Shareholder, 2016. Tiffany Annual Report. [Online] Available at: https://files.shareholder.com/downloads/TIF/4937645336x0x936623/F7474AAB-E333-4A69-90DA-3C16AE14E309/2016AR_TIFFANY_285904_017_web_bmk.pdf [Accessed 07 August 2017]. Stewart, G.B., 2013. Accounting for Corporate Charges in Detail. EVA. Techtarget, 2016. GAAP (generally accepted accounting principles). [Online] Available at: https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/GAAP-generally-accepted-accounting-principles [Accessed 07 August 2017]. Tiffany, 2016. Shareholder information. [Online] Available at: https://investor.tiffany.com/annuals.cfm [Accessed 07 August 2017]. Tiffany, 2017. About Tiffany Co. [Online] Available at: https://press.tiffany.com/ViewBackgrounder.aspx?backgrounderId=33 [Accessed 07 August 2017].

Leadership In Ancient Civilizations Essays - Iulii,

Leadership in Ancient Civilizations Leadership in Ancient Civilizations During the period of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, different leaders exhibited different styles of leadership and employed different political strategies. In addition, these leaders came to power and maintained their control in their own unique ways. Each leader seemed to have his own agenda, which set the tone for that era. Five prominent leaders of this time period were Agricola, Augustus, Julius Caesar, and the brothers Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus. The point to be made with respect to these particular men is related to the obvious correlation between the nature of a leader's agenda and the impact of his reign. In the end, a ruler's fate was dependent not on his agenda, but on style and strategy with which he pushed his agenda. Those leaders whose methods were completely altruistic were heralded as great leaders, while those with devious and/or unethical methods of pushing their agendas were hastily assassinated. First consider Tiberius Gracchus. It is imperative to analyze his style of leadership and his political strategies. During his term as tribune, Tiberius' major goal was to pass a land reform bill. This bill was biased toward the masses. Tiberius tried fairly and squarely to gain the support of the Roman senate, but this effort was to no avail. Tiberius then resorted to unfavorable tactics when he impeached another tribune, Octavius, the major opponent of Tiberius' bill. Thus Tiberius willingly destroyed the long-held and quite favored notion of an immune tribune. However, this is what the common people wanted. Tiberius' big mistake was blatantly opposing, thus disrespecting the Roman senate. As a result, the senate assassinated Tiberius. The lesson to be learned here is not that Tiberius' agenda was constructed out of self-interest or greed. Tiberius simply wanted to help the common people. However, Tiberius' methods were not proper for that time in that place. And it is probable that Tiberius could easily have been persuaded to compromise. Thus, Tiberius' downfall was not his agenda, but his style and political strategy. A different example of the same principle is summed up with the story of Tiberius' younger brother, Gaius Gracchus. Gaius worked not to appease the senate, but to appease the people. Although this seems quite noble of him, it was still a mistake to oppose the senate. Granted, this notion is counter-intuitive. One would expect that the senate is supposed to help the people, and since Gaius was helping the people, the senate should favor him. One would also expect that because it was the common people and not the senate that elected him, that he should have unwavering loyalty to the people. However, one must not look at the situation with a 1990's, American, free will and liberty, democratic eyes. Rome was not a democracy. The senate commanded respect, and to disregard the senate, whether the people were in favor of you or not, was not a wise thing to do. Thus, Gaius was also assassinated, like his brother, by the senate. It does not seem fair that Gaius was killed, but such is life, and had Gaius employed a more "senate-friendly" strategy of passing his laws, it is probable that his fate would not have been what it was. One final example of this is Julius Caesar. Caesar was a warlord and a dictator, but if one can look past that, as ridiculous as it sounds, then one would also notice that Caesar did a lot of good for Rome. As dictator, Caesar saw to a series of rapid reforms in many areas of Roman life. He scaled down his large army by settling many of his soldiers in newly founded colonies and extended Roman civilization into some of the provinces. His most lasting reform was one by which we still regulate our lives ? the establishment of a calendar based on the old Egyptian reckoning of 365 days, with one day added every fourth year. This "Julian" calendar lasted until 1582. Then, there were those leaders whose style of leadership and political strategy fit perfectly into the framework of society, such that they were considered to be great leaders. These leaders were Agricola and Augustus. Agricola was an army commander for most of his relatively long life. He was regarded to be one of the best men anywhere, and he was revered by all. Yet, being an army commander does require some killing and punishing. Let's be real. How is it that Agricola was, by the nature of his profession, a killer, yet was so respected, while Tiberius and Gaius strove to help people, and were assassinated? The answer

Confederation of 1867 Essay Example

Confederation of 1867 Essay Example Confederation of 1867 Paper Confederation of 1867 Paper Union is power. Work in unity is better than working individually. That is why the British North Americans thought of confederation. An individual or single power will most likely have a hard time fighting against a group of people with lots of power. The colonies wanted to join together so that they could fight against the United States. If the groups of colonies didn’t join together, they wouldn’t have the power to prevent the United States from controlling all of North America. There is also other reasons for why the Confederation of 1867 happened, like the ending of BNA’s trade relations with Britian and the U. S. the Fenian Raids, Political deadlock, and the impact of â€Å"Manufast Destiny† as the main cause of Confederation. With the threats of the Americans, that they were trying to invade the colonies a few times caused a big problem for Canada. The Americans could have easily invaded Canada at that time. â€Å"Manifest Destiny† is the beli ef that the Americans have, they thought that they could control all of North America, as the United States of America Secretary of State, William Seward said, â€Å"I know that God intends that this whole continent shall be, sooner or later, within the magic circle of the United States. †(Doc 1. The political deadlock was part of the reason why confederation happened. The government from both Canada East and Canada West couldn’t pass any of the laws, because they needed â€Å"double majority†. The problem that the French and the English had, were that they were not agreeing on everything. So nothing got achieved. As the Politician of Canada East said: â€Å" We have five colonies and in order to become a great nation they need only to be brought together under one central Government. The matter comes down to this, either we form a British American Confederation or we will be absorbed into the United States of America. (Doc 7) The other group called the Fenian Raids were attacking the colonies with the reason of potato famine. They thought that the British invaded Ireland and blamed that the potato famine was caused by Britain. Many Fenians were soldiers in the army for the northern states. They captured Fort Erie in May of 1866, but later lost control and headed back up to Buffalo because of their back-up troops. That same year, they crossed into Quebec, staying there for two days as well as ineffectively attacking the New Brunswick border. Together the Canadians joined to defend the Americans. Another significant reason which led to the Confederation of 1867 was the ending of BNA’S trade relations with Britian and the US. Both Britian’s repeal of the Corn laws and the US ending of Reciprocity Treaty left Canada in depression and no place to send its goods. Through confederation the colonies would remove any tariffs which would allow them to freely trade their goods between the colonies. The united colonies would benefit from a natural trade relationship and would experience their own economic prosperity. In contrast, there are also factors opposing Confederation, like economic would have on the Maritime Provinces. Many of the population of Canada West argued that â€Å"Confederation opens a wide field for industry, experience and and ambition.. most classes of the population will gain from the union and none that I can see, can possibly lose by the union,† (Doc 4. )as said by John MacDonald who was a politician of Canada West in a letter to Prince Edward Islands in an attempt to convince the Maritimes to Confederate. In conclusion, the minority of the population, primarily the French, argued that confederation was a negative implication on preserving their culture. The majority of the population felt that through Confederation the unification would create powerful trade interaction between the colonies and the ability to defend itself from the potential threats. After all, the confederation was finally achieved in 1867. Sir John A. Macdonald then became the first prime minister of Canada. He stated that â€Å"If we wish to be a great people, if we wish to form a great nationality, commanding the respect of the world, able to hold our own against all opponents his can only be obtained by Confederation. If we so not take advantage of the time, if we show ourselves unequal to the occasion, it may never return, and we shall hereafter bitterly regret having failed to embrace the opportunity now offered of founding a great nation.. †(Doc. 10. ) The BNA act united the provinces of Canada with the colonies of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Ever since then Canadian’s celebrate Canada Day to mark when Canada was considered as one nation.

Teachers and Standardized Testing Pressure

Teachers and Standardized Testing Pressure If youre in education in the 21st Century, were willing to bet you feel the pressure of standardized test scores, no matter where you teach in the United States. The pressure seems to come from all sides: the district, parents, administrators, the community, your colleagues, and yourself. Sometimes it feels like you cant take a moment away from the hard-core academic subjects in order to teach so-called non-essentials, like music, art, or physical education. These subjects are frowned-upon by the people who meticulously monitor test scores. Time away from math, reading, and writing is seen as time wasted. If it doesnt directly lead to improved test scores, you arent encouraged, or sometimes even allowed, to teach it. In California, school rankings and scores are published in the newspapers and discussed by the community. Schools reputations are made or broken by the bottom line, numbers printed in black and white on newsprint. Its enough to make any teachers blood pressure rise at the thought of it. What Teachers Have to Say About Standard Testing These are some of the things teachers have said over the years about standardized test scores and the pressures surrounding student performance: I did just fine in school and life, even though my teachers didnt emphasize achievement on tests.Its only one test - why does it matter so much?I dont even have time to teach Science or Social Studies any more!I start teaching Test Preparation the first week of school.Its not fair that were graded on how our students do on this test when all we can do is present the information to them. We cant help how they will actually do on Test Day!My principals on my back this year because my students didnt so well last year. This is just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to teachers opinions on this controversial issue. Money, prestige, reputation, and professional pride are all at stake. Administrators seem to be getting additional pressure to perform from the district bosses which the principals, in turn, pass down to their staff. No one likes it and most people think its all irrational, yet the pressure is snowballing and increasing exponentially. What Research Has to Say About Standard Testing Research shows that there is an incredible amount of pressure that is placed on teachers. This pressure often results in teacher burn-out. Teachers often feel like they need to teach to the test which results in them having to take away from higher order thinking skills, which has been proven to have long term benefits for students and is a much needed 21st-century skill. Edited By Janelle Cox

Parenting licence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Parenting licence - Essay Example However not every person is a born parent or a natural when it comes to looking after small human beings. We need to see children as human beings who are so often left either unattended or uncared for when parents are busy with their lives. Parents think they know how to be good parents but the fact of the matter is that many parents don't. Some may learn through trial and error but why use a real human being as your experiment's guinea pig. Kids are too precious for this kind of experimentation. Therefore before a couple takes on the responsibility of becoming parents, they should be asked to take classes and sit for an exam in order to receive their parenting license. It is only after they have been successful that they should be allowed to become parents and become responsible for another life. There was once a time when mothers would sit at home and their only job was to take care of their kids. Most women were housewives and since they had time on their hands, they could invest in their kids with sincerity and devotion. Things have changed now. Not only many mothers are working, most also have a life besides home, husband and kids. They may have done women emancipation a lot of good but it has seriously affected lives of small children in many households. Apart from that, some women no matter whether they are housewives or not, may actually find themselves too overwhelmed when they are given the responsibility of a child. They feel they are not natural mothers and this affects their ability to take care of their young ones. For this reason again, parenting license is a great idea. The opponents of the idea would probably find the whole thing quite insensible. They argue that parents have been parenting since time immemorial so why now Why must they take a license when God saw them fit for the job and gave them a kid These arguments may seem fine on the surface but when studied in the context of time and changes, we see their invalidity. The fact is that God doesn't necessarily give kids to people with good parenting abilities. We have already seen cases of people like Spears and Michael Jackson. Secondly, people may have been doing it for centuries but haven't times changed drastically As mentioned earlier, women in olden times had but one concern: to please their husbands and take care of their children. Most women did a great job because they had little else to do and besides even if they did a bad job, they were never reported and children suffered in silence. Why allow that kind of inhumanity when we can change the picture and make lives so much better for these little souls. The opponents also feel that such a system cannot be successfully implemented. They feel that setting the standards would be difficult and how would we urge parents to take parenting courses. There is a simple solution to this: make it mandatory in every hospital across the country so no first time parents are allowed to register without prior registration for parenting classes. They must also carry a proof they are attending these classes and they must get a license before delivery date. This would be quite a simple thing to do and if law protects it, people will not be able to violate it. A poor parent can learn many skills and a potential great parent can become even better. This kind of practice would minimize the risk of a child being neglected or falling into the hands of unprepared,

Improving Pharmacy Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Improving Pharmacy Services - Essay Example The second issue, sustainability is equally important in securing the quality of products and services in pharmacy. One way of achieving sustainability is through keeping indicators which can be used for predicting future trends of the industry. These may include new drugs or practices which outdo the existing methods. This would, for instance, ensure that patients get the best treatments when they become available. Again, sustainability can be achieved by being connected to the global pharmacy community through which innovations and emerging issues can be shared. In so doing, the pharmacy can be interconnected, informed, and universal (Lesko & Anderson 16). The advantage in this is that relevancy and effectiveness would be assured.The final means of improving pharmacy is by having well-structured organizational layouts. Layout covers all the areas from when a patient goes through a health center to the time they emerge, having received treatment. Pharmacies should ensure that their staff receives optimum working conditions, free from distraction, stress, or any negative influences. For instance, there should be training to sensitize staff on proper (good) health habits. Healthy and happy staff is likely to be best in disseminating services to the people than stressed, underpaid, or sickly staff. Concisely, the comfort of the workforce determines the quality of services and products.As the above findings state, there are many channels through which pharmacy can be improved.

Knowledge and Assessment Essay Example for Free

Knowledge and Assessment Essay 1. Understand the principles requirements of assessment 1. 1explain the functions of assessment in learning and development Determining level of knowledge understanding †¢ Ensuring that learning is taking place †¢ Checking progress †¢ Adhering to course criteria 1. 2define the key concepts and principles of assessment 1. Explain the functions of assessment in learning and development. Assessment is carried out to evaluate that learning has taken place. It measures the learner’s attainment of knowledge and skills in their particular learning area. Assessment encourages learners to ask questions on anything they have not fully understood, as learners know that they will have to prove their knowledge and understanding during assessment to the standards of the awarding body. The anticipated outcome of assessment is that the learner will complete assessment to City and Guild standards within the time frame stated, with no assistance and show through answering questions that they have full understanding of the subject. 2. Define the key concepts and principles of assessment. Assessment has to remain fair, consistent and valid to ensure all learners have an equal and fair chance of receiving a fair assessment. An assessor cannot be swayed 1. 3 explain the responsibilities of the assessor The role of the assessor is to assess the learner’s knowledge and performance in a range of tasks. This includes, ? Ensuring that the learner has demonstrated competence and knowledge in the assessment to the standard of City and Guilds criteria. ? Assessments need to be planned between the assessor and each learner; the learner needs to be fully aware of his/her responsibilities in the collection and presentation of evidence. ? The assessor then needs to observe the learners performance in their workplace or similar environment and can ask questions to confirm a learners understanding. ? Accurate and constructive feedback needs to be given to the 1. 4 identify the regulations and requirements relevant to assessment in own area of practice 2. Understand different types of assessment methods 2. 1 compare the strengths and limitations of a range of assessment methods with reference to the needs of individual learners 3. Understand how to plan assessment 3. 1 summarise key factors to consider when planning assessment 3. 2 evaluate the benefits of using a holistic approach to assessment 3. 3 explain how to plan a holistic approach to assessment 3. 4 summarise the types of risks that may be involved in assessment in own area of responsibility 3. 5 explain how to minimise risks through the planning process 4. Understand how to involve learners others in assessment 4. 1 explain the importance of involving the learner and others in the assessment process 4. 2 summarise types of information that should be made available to learners and others involved in the assessment process. 4. 3 explain how peer and self-assessment can be used effectively to promote learner involvement and personal responsibility in the assessment of l earning 4. 4 explain how assessment arrangements can be adapted to meet the needs of individual learners 5. Understand how to make assessment decisions 5. 1 explain how to judge whether evidence is: †¢Sufficient †¢Authentic †¢Current 5. 2 explain how to ensure that assessment decisions are: †¢Made against specific criteria †¢Valid †¢Reliable †¢Fair 6. Understand Quality Assurance of the assessment process. 6. 1 evaluate the importance of quality assurance in the assessment process 6. 2 summarise quality assurance and standardisation procedures in own area of practice 6. 3 summarise the procedures to follow when there are disputes concerning assessment in own area of practice 7. Understand how to manage information relating to assessment 7. 1 explain the importance of following procedures for the management of information relating to assessment 7. 2 explain how feedback questioning contribute to the assessment process 8. Understand the legal good practice requirements in relation to assessment 8. 1 explain legal issues, policies and procedures relevant to assessment, including those for confidentiality, health, safety and welfare 8. 2 explain the contribution that technology can make to the assessment process 8. 3 evaluate requirements for equality and diversity and, where appropriate, bilingualism in relation to assessment 8. 4 explain the value of reflective practice and continuing professional development in the assessment process.

Comparing The House of Mirth and Daisy Miller :: Henry James, Edith Wharton

Edith Wharton’s â€Å"The House of Mirth† mainly describes the need of a woman to be married to a wealthy man and how she attempts to find the most appropriate suitor. â€Å"The House of Mirth† also observes the tedious physical and mental decline of a young woman who, because of her own weakness and indecisiveness, falls from social distinction into poverty and griminess. The story presents a cruel measure of reality and ends quite sadly. Instead of marrying and living happily, Lily weakens slowly and commits suicide, possibly unintentionally, as a way of evading a lower-class humanity in which her upper-class needs cannot survive. Lily's life is the exact opposite of dignity or beauty; she had many chances to live the kind of life she dreamed of, but lost it all. Similarly, Henry James’ â€Å"Daisy Miller,† is a rich, young, American girl from New York, traveling around Europe with her mother and younger brother. Daisy is a complex combination of traits. She is feisty, independent, and well intentioned, yet she is also petty, ignorant, and unsophisticated. Daisy is also an irritating flirt. She has no public elegance or informal gifts, such as appeal, humor, and a talent for banter. Also she is primarily interested only in influencing men and making herself the hub of interest. Throughout the story, Winterbourne, the love interest of Daisy, is fixated over the issue of whether Daisy is naive, but her behavior by no means reveals whether she is or isn’t. Winterbourne accepts that Daisy is crude but wonders whether she is innocent. Frequently, Daisy seems less than innocent since Winterbourne did catch her with another man late at night at the Coliseum, which results in her death from malaria. Overall, it is the way in whic h Daisy embodies all the different forms of innocence that results in her demise. While the telling of the story is quite similar, â€Å"The House of Mirth† is different in the sense that all that character’s form of thinking is revealed to the reader. Henry James primarily portrays the story of Winterbourne and the affect that Daisy has on him. He does describe Daisy in great detail yet he fails to give any indication of why she acts the way she does. One can only ponder over ideas of how she thinks and her reasoning behind what she does in certain events. It is obvious that Daisy is ignorant to her inappropriate behavior but it is unclear if this is an act or if she is really unaware that she is acting incorrectly.

Debate Torturing terrorists is a tool to get the right feedback and answers Essay

Terrorists have caused so many deaths in the world. Whenever a terrorist attack occurs, it leaves behind many deaths and destruction of property. Those who survive the attack often end up with serious injuries. Some become crippled for the rest of their lives. Some become traumatized in their entire lives. The memory of the attack keeps on haunting them. Such trauma continues to an extent that some people become depressed. In this regard, terrorism is a vice that should be fought by all means. In a ‘ticking-bomb scenario’, there is a bomb that may detonate in an unidentified public place very known. The person who planted the bomb is the only person who knows where it is. The person is held up by the police. However, person is not willing to give the information to the police. Torture will be the only means to extract the information. A suspected terrorist should never be forgiven for a terrorism activity (Aringo, 2004: 13). Therefore, torturing a terrorist to get import ant information that can save people is a justifiable means. There are many reasons to support the argument of torturing a terrorist to get information that is relevant to save the general public. First of all, when a terrorist or a suspected terrorist is tortured, he or she is likely to give relevant information that can be used by the security agency to protect innocent people. For instance, if a terrorist is captured and through torture he or she reveals that there is a planned attack in the future, then the government or the appointed people will take necessary measures to ensure that the planned attack does not occur. Suppose torture was not used, it is possible that such information would not have been obtained. Consequently, the planned attack would have been executed and the result would be deaths and injuries. Therefore, torturing is justified as long as the security officials are very sure that they have the correct suspect. Secondly, terrorists are never co-operative. They cannot give any information concerning their plans or other members willingly. Force has to be used to extract such information. The force used is in form of torture. When suspected terrorist is subjected to painful procedures, he or she is likely to give the information that can help in the intelligence service (Meisels, 2008: 21). Usually, terrorists have information about the future planned attacks as well as other members of the gang. If the government and the security officials get such information, it becomes very easy to avert potential fatal attacks. Since terrorists can never reveal such information willingly, then torture becomes the best alternative. Another reason that supports the use of torture to get information from a terrorist is that usually, the information obtained is timely. A terrorist who is subjected to torture can reveal so many things that are yet to be accomplished by the gang. That timeliness is essential in order to save the public from the hands of terroristic attacks. Without torture, the terrorist would take time before giving correct information. The worst scenario is that without torture, terrorists would not give any information at all. In this respect, torture is important if it can enable obtaining of information in a timely manner. Many people would be saved in time before the planned attack occurs. Moreover, terrorists cause more pain themselves to soldiers when they capture them. Therefore, if terrorists can cause pain to soldiers who are responsible for our security, there is no reason why a terrorist should be spared from pain as well. Accordingly, terrorists should be put through a painful experience. If the pain they are subjected to makes them give information that is relevant in the intelligence service unit, then they should never be spared it. Since terrorist are dangerous people in the society, no mercy should be accorded to them. They should be forced by all means to give all the relevant information that can help get rid of or capture other terrorists. Torturing terrorists may prove successful because it sometimes leads to obtaining more information than anticipated. When a terrorist is tortured, he or she may end up revealing a lot of information that was not even expected (White, 2012: 32). For instance, one may be interrogating a terrorist about a planned attack in a given place, only to be told that there are many attacks planned in different places. Therefore, while security forces thought that there is one attack that is planned by terrorists, they get surprised to learn that there are many attacks that have been planned. Such information becomes crucial because it opens the eyes of the security forces to other possible attacks other than the one that they anticipated. With regard to this argument, then it is justifiable to use torture to extract information from the terrorists. Moreover, terrorists cause too much pain and suffering to innocent people in the general public. They plan and execute their plans against innocent people who are otherwise helpless. Women and children get trapped in the thick of things when an attack occurs in a crowded place. Women and children are most vulnerable group for one reason. Children cannot run or hide from the spot of the attack. As a result, women who are mothers of the children in the scene get caught up while trying to save their children since they cannot go without them. That is not to say that men are spared from the attacks. Many of them die and others get injuries if they get themselves in the midst of the problems. Considering this pain that a terroristic activity can cause innocent people, terrorists deserve to be tortured without mercy. They are evil and merciless. There should be no mercy on them. If terrorists do not reveal relevant information that can save other people, the situation can be very dangerous . Torture is justified to be used on terrorists. In addition, if one considers that a single terrorist has potential to cause deaths of very many people one would find that torturing a suspected terrorist would be the least form of punishment that he or she would get. Pain on one person cannot be compared to the pain that may affect many innocent people in an event a terroristic attack succeeded in happening. If one person can be made to reveal other members of the gang it can very fruitful. Sometimes, a single person who is a suspected terrorist can be used to track down all other members of the terrorism group. If security manages to nub down many terrorists, it can be very successful because by so doing, many potential future attacks can be averted. It is important to note that when terrorists are free mingling with other innocent people, it is not possible to trace them. It is until they are pinpointed that they become identifiable. It is other terrorists that can tell other people who are involved in the terrorism. If torture can help obtain such information from a single terrorist, then it is beneficial to the general public. Torture should be executed on the suspected terrorists without mercy because a terrorist is not a good person to compromise with. A terrorist is a criminal who is liable to a punishment after all. Other people who commit other forms of crimes are subjected to punishments. Terrorism is even a greater crime that deserves even more severe punishment. Therefore, torture is not unjust to a criminal who is a danger to the national security itself. Since all criminals must be punished for their actions ultimately, torturing terrorists can be taken to be a form of punishment too besides being a mechanism of extracting information from them. Many terrorists end up giving in to torture and surrender. Consequently, they tell the interrogators everything that they know regarding their criminal activities including their history and future plans. As a punishment, terrorists deserve it. As a means of extracting information, torture must be used. That way, torture achieves the objective of obtaining the needed information while at the same time serving as a form of punishment. Many potential terrorists may stop their activities at the prospects of getting caught and get subjected to torture. The torturing mechanism should be so severe that it discourages any person who may attempt a terroristic activity. Those who go through the torture may vow never to get involved in terrorism again in their life. They think of the pain that they went through and they stop any temptation to engage in terrorism. Therefore, the torturing process should serve as a punishment that sticks in the mind of the person even afterwards in the future. In this regard, torture will not only be useful in helping get the relevant information, but also it will help to discourage future attempts of terrorism by the prospective terrorists. Moreover, torturing a suspected terrorist may serve as lesson to other people who may be tempted to get involved in terrorism. They learn from the terrorists who have suffered a painful experience. The thought of getting caught and subjected to the same torture should be enough to discourage any one who may be thinking to engage in terrorism. In this respect, the torture must be so severe that it causes fear in people who may be influenced into terrorism. If torture achieves this objective, it will have helped a great deal in curbing terrorism. Whenever one person is tortured and serves as a lesson, there is overall reduction in the potential occurrence of terroristic events in the future. In addition, that helps to dismantle the unity of terrorists and decrease their numbers. All these results add up to help alleviate the occurrence of terrorism. Under normal circumstances, the risk that a single person may expose many other people to is very great to be ignored. As already stated, a single person has a potential to destroy and kill a large number of people. Considering such a risk, it is justifiable to use any form of torture on a suspected terrorist. Interrogating a single person can be the source of information that can end up saving the entire nation (Ramsay, 2006: 42). Putting one person under pain is justifiable if it can save more innocent lives. Note also that torturing only puts physical pain on the person. The pain is temporary because it ends with time. Such torture cannot be compared to the deaths that such person can cause besides the injuries that leave behind long lasting disabilities. Killing is permanent. There is no reverse about it. In this regard, the benefits of torturing a single person for the sake of the welfare of the many are many and outweigh the cost of torture (Ginbar, 2010: 32). If a person can b e put into a temporary pain and lead to saving of many lives, then it is worth the torture. In addition, it can be argued that with the advancements in technology, it is possible for the intelligence service to get the right person. Exchange of information between different intelligence service agencies around the world makes it even easier. The possibility of subjecting an innocent person to torture is low. In this regard, it means that the person who ends up in the intelligence unit for interrogation is most likely to be the right person. In other words, it is less likely that the person who is caught for the interrogation is the wrong person who is otherwise innocent. Therefore, torture should be applied on the suspected terrorists without considering the possibility of the person being innocent. Terrorism is a criminal activity that should never be subjected to compromise. In conclusion, torturing terrorists as a means of extracting information from terrorists is justified. Terrorists are dangerous people and any means that can be used to get them from the society should be used. Torturing suspected terrorists has proven to be successful for it helps get information from the terrorists. In addition, torturing can be used as a form of punishment to terrorists. It is also used to discourage potential terrorists from engaging in the terroristic activities. It should be argued that pain on a single person should be used if in the end it leads to saving many lives. The only worry is that the person tortured could be innocent. However, considering the argument put forward, in the modern intelligence service, it is rare to arrest an innocent person because before an arrest is done, proper investigation has to be done. Sharing of intelligence information between intelligence units from different places in the world assists in this process. References Arrigo,  J.  M. (2004). A utilitarian argument against torture interrogation of terrorists. Science and Engineering Ethics, 4(3), 11-21. George Andreopoulos,  R. (2011). International Criminal Justice. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. Ginbar,  Y. (2010). Why not torture terrorists?: Moral, practical, and legal aspects of the ‘ticking bomb’ justification for torture. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Meisels,  T. (2008). The trouble with terror: Liberty, security, and the response to terrorism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Ramsay,  M. (2006). Can the torture of terrorist suspects be justified? The International Journal of Human Rights, 4(1), 23-26. Rumney,  P.  N. (2014). Torturing terrorists: Exploring the limits of law, human rights, and academic freedom. Saul,  B. (2004). Torturing terrorists after September 11. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 3(1), 32-36. White,  J.  E. (2012). Contemporary moral problems. Boston, MA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. Source document

Henri Fayol vs. Henry Mintzberg

Henri Fayol vs. Henry Mintzberg. Functions vs. roles Henri Fayol and Henry Mintzberg are â€Å"two sides of the one coin†. Each man has his own opinion on what the manager does. Fayol has his â€Å"five functions† and Mintzberg has his â€Å"roles of management†. In this essay I will discuss both men’s opinions and try to come to a conclusion on which I think is better. Henri Fayol, a French management theorist and managing director of a French mining company, came up with the five functions of management. These functions serve the purpose of predicting the future of the environment and planning a relevant business strategy, developing a social and technical structure to the organisation, managing the activities of the staff, integrating plans and activities across the organisation and ensuring conformity with the plan via authority and feedback mechanisms to correct inappropriate activity. Planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling. These five functions have been around since Fayol came up with them back in 1916 and have dominated management vocabulary since then. These functions would seem to cover all the criteria needed for a manager to do his job but Henry Mintzberg has a different opinion. Henry Mintzberg is an internationally renowned academic and author on business and management with over 140 articles and thirteen books written. He came up with the roles of management, which he believes cover most of the things a manager will encounter in their job. These roles are split into 3 interpersonal roles, 3 informational roles and 4 decision making roles. The 3 interpersonal roles are; the figurehead which helps reinforce what the company stands for and reinforces the organisational culture, the leader who provide their employees with a sense of mission and the liaison who mixes with others outside the business to represent the needs of their group. The 3 informational roles are; the monitor who collects information form within the group and finds out what is going on in the business, the disseminator who shares the information with others who would not find out the information and the spokesperson who represents the views of the group in the wider environment. The 4 decision making roles are; the entrepreneur who make decisions to improve the contribution of their subordinates to the performance of the business, the disturbance handler who deals with any problems that might occur within the group, the resource allocator who allocates resources throughout their subordinates and the negotiator who negotiates to secure contracts, budgets etc. Henry Mintzberg believes that the five functions of management do not really tell us much about what a manager actually does but at best paint a vague picture of what objectives managers have when they work. He has come up with the idea that there are 4 myths relating to the role of the manager which if looked at closely do not support Fayol’s functions. The first of these myths is that â€Å"a manager is a reflective, systematic planner† when studies show that most managers work at a fast and unrelenting pace, that their activities are often brief and varied and that they dislike reflective activities but are more action orientated. The second of these myths is â€Å"the effective manager has no regular duties to perform†. Evidence shows that managers do infact perform a number of regular duties like rituals and ceremonies as well as negotiations and processing information with links between the organisation and its environments. The third myth is â€Å"The senior manager needs aggregated information, which a formal management information system provides†. The fact in this case is that managers prefer to get their information through telephone calls or meetings. The fourth and final myth is â€Å"Management is, or at least is quickly becoming a science and a profession†. The fact behind this myth is that the manager programs to schedule time, process information, make decisions and so stay in their own head and deal with things in their own way. The first of the four myths is probably the one that conflicts most with Fayol’s functions and shows that although there is some degree to a managers job, they prefer to work fast and would rather take action to try and resolve a problem rather than waste time thinking on different ways to overcome it. In my opinion, I would be more inclined to agree with Mintzberg and his roles of management over Fayol’s functions. This is because the roles of management have a lot more scope and would allow a manager more ways to deal with a wider variety of situations. They also cover the roles that I have seen managers in my working environment undertake such as the Liaison, the Negotiator, the Disturbance handler etc. In conclusion, although the five functions are a good way to look at the role of a manager I think that Mintzberg, having done all the studies on managers and actually seeing what they do in their day to day workings has given him a better idea of what the job of the manager actually entails. Fayol’s views look good when you see and hear them but in reality, is management as straight forward as the five steps that he has set out? I don’t think that he has looked at all the areas and all the things that could go wrong in jobs. In reality, I think Fayol’s functions are more like the ways we would like the job of the manager to be whereas Mintzberg’s roles have given us the way a managers job actually is and covers most of the things that a manager would encounter in the running of a business. By Alan Young References DR R DONNELLY , â€Å"the role of the manager†, heriot-watt university. HENRY MINTZBERG, July-august 1975â€Å"the manager’s job: Folklore and fact† Harvard business review.

Team and Social Loafing Essay

Team and Social Loafing Essay Team and Social Loafing Essay Tami Smith Professor Bailey MBA 510 30 April 2015 Social Loafing People in groups often do not work as hard as they do when alone. This is referred to as social loafing. Team productivity often decreases with the increase of group members. A study by a French agricultural engineer named Max Ringelmann exposed this theory. Ringlemann was interested in the relative efficiency of farm labor supplied by horses, oxen, machines, and men. In particular, he was curious about their relative abilities to pull a load horizontally, such as in a tug-of-war. In one of his experiments, he had groups of fourteen men pull a load and measured the amount of force they generated; he also measured the force that each man could pull independently. There was a linear decline in the average pull per member as the size of the rope-pulling team increased. One person pulling on a rope alone exerted an average of 63 kilograms of force. However, in groups of three. the per-person force dropped to 53 kilograms, and in groups of eight, it plummeted to only 31 kilograms per pers on-less than half of the effort exerted by people working alone (Kravitz). With the results of the study by Ringlemann, when forming teams, the team size should be limited to no more than ten people per group and focus on similarities of each member as this will boost communication (Thompson 117). People in groups often do not work as hard as they do when alone and team productivity often decreases with the increase of group members. Social loafing should be identified and addressed because it can cause a decline in group cohesion and it is problematic to a team’s performance and productivity. Social loafing is most likely to occur in large teams where individuals output is difficult to identify. This particularly includes situations in which team members work alone towards a common output pool and independent output is low. Under these conditions, employees aren’t as worried that their performance will be noticed. Social loafing is less likely to occur when the task is interesting, because individuals have a higher intrinsic motivation to perform their duties. It is less common when the groups’ objective is important, because individuals experience more pressure from other team members to perform well. Finally social loafing is less common among members with a strong collective value, because they value group membership and believe in working towards group objectives (The Trouble with Teams: Social Loafing). With larger groups, people tend to not work as hard as when they are alone for three reasons: diffusion of responsibility, a reduced sense of self-efficacy, and the "sucker effect". â€Å"In a team, a person's effort and contributions are less identifiable than when that person works independently. This is because everyone's efforts are pooled into the team enterprise and the return is a function of everyone's contribution. It is difficult to distinguish one person's contribution from another. At an extreme, this can lead to deindividuation-a psychological state in which a person does not feel individual responsibility. As a result, the person is less likely to perform or contribute. This is referred to diffusion of responsibility† (Thompson). In some cases, it is not diffusion of responsibility that hinders people from contributing to a team effort, but rather the feeling that our contributions will not be as valuable, efficacious, or worthwhile as they might be in a smaller group. In short, we believe our contributions will not be sufficient to justify the effort thus resulting in dispensability of effort (Thompson). Sucker version is a common concern held by team members in wanting to avoid being the only one left doing all of the work and getting little or no credit. Because everyone wants to avoid being taken advantage of, team members hedge their efforts and wait to see what others will do. The problem is that when everyone does this, no one contributes (Thompson).

Understanding the Concatenation of Strings in Java

Understanding the Concatenation of Strings in Java Concatenation in the Java programming language is the operation of joining two strings together. You can join strings using either the addition () operator or the String’s concat() method. Using the Operator Using the operator is the most common way to concatenate two strings in Java. You can provide either a variable, a number, or a String literal (which is always surrounded by double quotes). To combine the strings â€Å"I’m a† and â€Å"student†, for example, write: I’m a student Be sure to add a space so that when the combined string is printed, its words are separated properly. Note above that student starts with a space, for example. Combining Multiple Strings Any number of operands can be strung together, for instance: I’m a student ! And so are you. Using the Operator in a Print Statement Frequently, the operator is used in a print statement. You might write something like: System.out.println(pan handle); This would print: panhandle Combining Strings Across Multiple Lines Java disallows literal strings to span more than a line. Using the operator prevents this: String quote Nothing in all the world is more dangerous than sincere ignorance and conscientious stupidity.;   Combining a Mixture of Objects The  operator   normally acts as an  arithmetic operator  unless one of its  operands  is a String. If so, it converts the other operand to a String before joining the second operand to the end of the first operand. For example, in the example below, age is an integer, so the operator will first convert it to a String and then combine the two strings. (The operator does this behind the scenes by calling its toString() method; you won’t see this occur.) int age 12;System.out.println(My age is age); This would print: My age is 12 Using the Concat Method The String class has a method concat() that performs the same operation. This method acts on the first string and then takes the string to combine as a parameter: public String concat (String str)​   For example: String myString I have decided to stick with love.;myString myString.concat( Hate is too great a burden to bear.);System.out.println(myString); This would print: I have decided to stick with love. Hate is too great a burden to bear. Differences Between the Operator and the Concat Method You may be wondering when it makes sense to use the operator to concatenate, and when you should use the concat() method.  Here are some differences between the two: The concat() method can combine only String objects - it must be called on a String object, and its parameter must be a String object. This makes it more restrictive than the operator since the operator silently converts any non-string argument to a string.The concat() method throws a NullPointerException if the object has a null reference, while the operator deals with a null reference as a â€Å"null† string.The concat()) method is capable of combining only two strings – it cannot take multiple arguments. The operator can combine any number of strings. For these reasons, the operator is more often used to combine strings. If you are developing a large-scale application, however, performance can differ between the two because of the way that Java handles string conversion, so be aware of the context in which you are combining strings.

Engineers create artefacts and processes through design. Design is Essay

Engineers create artefacts and processes through design. Design is open ended and creative. Discuss design processes with refere - Essay Example The design process in many cases involves the application of mathematics, engineering, and basic sciences principles to optimally convert resources to meet specified aims. This paper discusses the design process from the perspective of mechanical engineering. Steps Involved in the Design Process Need or Problem Identification and Research In order to be able to solve an engineering or design problem, it is vital to identify the problem or need (Ullman 2009). When a design engineer fails to identify a problem or need properly, the engineer may end up wasting a lot of time and resources. In order to stick to the project goals, the mechanical engineers often rely on subjective and measurable metrics. Once the need or problem has been identified, the engineers must engage in research to establish the issue as it is currently and to establish the solutions that exist (Eide, Jenison, Mashaw and Northup 2002). By engaging in research, the engineers equip themselves to be able to come up wit h the best possible solution to the problem or need. The engineers must establish if there are products that have been designed to solve the same problem in the market and their advantages and disadvantages. Based on their findings, the engineers have to narrow down to what is relevant to their case. Potential Solutions The engineers often end up with a lot of information regarding products currently on the market and how they are designed. They have therefore to engage in brainstorming to come up with possible solutions and the advantages and disadvantages of each of the possible solutions (Eide, Jenison, Mashaw and Northup 2002). At this stage, the design engineer needs to think of ways of improving each of the possible solutions. The engineering designer needs to be creative in coming up with improvements to the products in the market or in designing a product that is novel. The performance of each of the possible solutions is then analyzed through the application of engineering science and mathematical principles (Eggert 2010). The analysis may be geared toward reducing risks and detecting problems that may come with the improved solutions. Best Possible Solution With several possible solutions to the problem or need, the design engineer then has to choose the solution that best meets the original requirements (Lumsdaine, Lumsdaine, and Shelnutt 1999). Making a decision regarding the solution to proceed with may be challenging and involves making the evaluation of competing needs. Some of the factors that may affect the choice of the best possible solution include cost, size, weight, and safety just to mention a few. Prototype Creation, Testing and Evaluation It would be imprudent at this stage for the engineers to proceed with the actual production of the product as designed before having it tested and evaluated. The engineers therefore need to create a prototype of the product if possible modeling in 2D and 3D using computer applications such as CAD soft ware (Hyman 1998). The prototype is then tested and evaluated to establish if it works and meets the original design requirements and limits. Redesign The prototype may be slightly changed or improved in case of need once the prototype has been tested and evaluated. The changes or improvements are normally implemented to optimize the

Reflective blog Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Reflective blog - Article Example The main question that comes into people’s mind is what bars them from studying search languages. In most cases, anxiety plays a big role in creating the fear that they cannot learn in search environments. By definition, anxiety refers to the subjective feelings of nervousness, apprehension, tension as well as worries that are associated with the stimulation of the automatic nervous system (Worde 9). When anxiety is restricted to situation of language learning then it falls into the categories of precise anxiety reactions. According to psychologists, they use specific anxiety reactions to distinguish those individuals who are anxious in numerous situations from the ones who feel anxious only in precise circumstances. Therefore, the consequences and symptoms of foreign language anxiety need to become readily identifiable to individuals who are concerned with teaching and language learning. Impacts of anxiety on learning language Anxiety plays crucial roles in the learning of a foreign a language. As a result, these roles create some impacts on either the learner or the instructor. The following are some of the effects of anxiety on the learning of a language: i) Second language studies For several years, researchers have researched on the prospect of anxiety-provoking on the study of foreign language. ... Many current studies try to find out the effects that anxiety has on learning a foreign language, nevertheless there has been some divided opinions on these efforts by researchers. Even though the pertinent researchers have been different in the techniques used, they can be characterized normally by the comparison of self-reports of student’s anxiety with the ratings on their foreign language proficiency. This is accomplished through international measure or discrete skills task such as the final course grade. ii) Clinical experience The psycho-physiological symptoms, behavioral responses, and subjective feelings of anxious foreign languages are generally the same compared to any other specific anxiety. They experience the uneasiness worry even the dread ones. They have difficulty in their concentration thus they sweat, have palpitations and become very forgetful. They normally show the behavior of avoidance for instance postponing homework and missing classes. The clinical ex perience with students studying foreign language in universities as well as Learning Skill Centers also recommends numerous discrete problems that results from anxiety and shows poignantly on how the problems can also interfere with the process of language learning. Basically, counselors establish that the anxiety centers base their ideologies on the two primary roles needed students learning foreign languages. These requirements include speaking and listening. The complexity involved in speaking language is perhaps the most cited concern of students learning foreign language. How anxiety is manifested in children Anxiety is manifested in children in the following ways: i) Physical: this is one technique in which anxiety is manifested in children. Some of the common physical symptoms